This article was originally published on LinkedIn on August 24, 2026.
The entertainment industry has become accustomed to extreme financial success with certain endeavors over the past decade. At a time when Christopher Nolan’s The Odyssey and Marvel’s newest Spider-Man movie have both made over a billion dollars within weeks of their premieres, many entertainment companies have now set their revenue targets on the B in “illion” rather than the M. However, when a single video game generates more pre-order revenue in its first hour than many companies make in 10 years, investors take notice. When that game is the sixth installment in a franchise built on glorifying car theft, gang violence, drug trafficking, and sexual exploitation, faith-based investors need to look harder.
Grand Theft Auto 6 (GTA 6) is among the most anticipated entertainment releases in recent history. It is also, by Inspire Investing's standards, a case study on the tension between monumental cultural clamor and steadfast biblically responsible investing.
To understand GTA 6, you have to start with its predecessor, a game that redefined (and has continued to redefine) what entertainment revenue looks like.
Grand Theft Auto 5 (GTA 5) launched in September 2013. Within 24 hours of release, it generated more than $815 million in worldwide revenue. Within three days, it had crossed $1 billion, making it the fastest-selling entertainment product in history at the time, outpacing every film, album, and book that came before it. It was a record that stunned Wall Street and Hollywood alike.
Twelve years later, GTA 5 has never stopped selling.
As of May 2026, the game has sold 230 million copies worldwide, making it the second-best-selling video game in history, behind only Minecraft (a considerable feat considering its hyper-violent and sexualized M for Mature ESRB rating, as opposed to Minecraft’s family-friendly E for Everyone rating). Currently, third-party sources estimate its lifetime revenue has surpassed $10 billion. GTA Online, the game's multiplayer component, sustained entirely by microtransaction purchases of in-game virtual currency called "Shark Cards," has independently generated more than $5 billion in revenue.
In fiscal Q2 2025, the game sold 5 million additional copies, roughly a decade after launch, outperforming many new releases that quarter.
Perhaps most remarkably, GTA 5 still earns over $1 million per day in 2026, more than thirteen years after its original release.
For investors, the lesson was unmistakable: a sufficiently compelling open-world game, with a persistent online ecosystem built on microtransactions, is not a product with a lifecycle, but rather a perpetual revenue machine.
For many sectors that had disregarded video games as a financially viable investment, the numbers that GTA 5 continuously pulls have drawn attention toward Take-Two Interactive (TTWO), the parent company of GTA developer Rockstar Games.
Take-Two Interactive officially opened pre-orders for Grand Theft Auto 6 on June 25, 2026, with the game scheduled for release on November 19, 2026 (after two sizable delays, much to the frustration of fans and investors alike). The market's reaction was immediate and historic.
According to analyst estimates from University of Virginia finance professor Anthony Palomba, derived from Take-Two Interactive's stock market activity, GTA 6 generated an estimated $1 billion in pre-order revenue within the first hour of sales opening. Within 24 hours, reports indicated that pre-orders had surpassed 39 million copies, generating more than $3 billion in estimated pre-order revenue.
To put that in context: GTA 6 recorded six times more pre-orders on launch day than the entire pre-order period for Call of Duty, the previously dominant franchise in gaming presales.
It is worth noting that Take-Two Interactive and Rockstar Games have not released official pre-order figures; the numbers circulating are analyst estimates and retail reports rather than verified company disclosures. Reports show that Take-Two's stock climbed sharply on the announcement, while Bank of America has also raised its target price for TTWO, citing GTA 6's potential.
The game is priced at $79.99 for the Standard Edition and $99.99 for the Ultimate Edition, the highest base price in the franchise's history (and a semi-sharp increase in median price points for video games), reflecting both inflation and Rockstar's confidence in the demand it commands.
For equity investors, the GTA franchise lives inside a single publicly traded company: Take-Two Interactive (NASDAQ: TTWO).
Take-Two reported fiscal year 2026 net bookings of $6.72 billion, a 19% increase from the prior year, driven substantially by the anticipation of GTA 6's imminent release and continued strength in GTA Online and its 2K Sports portfolio. The company projects fiscal year 2027 net bookings of approximately $8.0–8.2 billion, a figure that assumes GTA 6 launches as scheduled and performs in line with analyst expectations.
The GTA franchise has historically contributed approximately 30% of Take-Two's total revenue over the past decade. Bank of America has made a more specific investment argument, stating that GTA 6 may reset Take-Two's long-term earnings power, converting a blockbuster launch into a recurring-revenue ecosystem with a shelf life measured in years, not quarters.
If GTA 5's online economy generated $5 billion over twelve years, the question investors are pricing in is: what does GTA 6's online economy generate with a larger player base, higher purchasing power, improved monetization infrastructure, and a current-generation console platform that is more broadly adopted?
The financial bull case for TTWO draws in part on thirteen years of demonstrated consumer behavior surrounding GTA 5, although GTA 5's historical success does not assure similar results for GTA 6 or TTWO investors.
GTA 6 does not exist in a vacuum. It is the crown jewel of the largest entertainment industry in the world.
The global video game market was valued at $322.6 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach $351.6 billion in 2026, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.1% through 2033. Total gaming mergers and acquisitions reached $27.3 billion in 2024 alone. There are an estimated 3.6 billion gamers worldwide, nearly half the human population on Earth.
For institutional and retail investors alike, the video game sector has become impossible to ignore. The largest gaming franchises generate revenue on par with major film studios, with the added advantage of perpetual online monetization that no blockbuster film can replicate. Mobile gaming dominates by volume, but premium console and PC titles like GTA drive the cultural moments that shape the industry's identity and its stock prices.
The rise of gaming as an asset class has drawn attention from ETF managers, venture capital, and long-only institutional investors. But for faith-based investors operating within a biblical framework, the question is not only whether gaming is financially attractive, but whether the content being produced and monetized aligns with the values they are called to uphold.
Understanding GTA's extraordinary commercial performance requires honest engagement with the cultural forces that drive it - not to excuse them, but to understand them clearly.
Grand Theft Auto sells, in part, because it offers something that no other mainstream entertainment product does so consistently or so skillfully: complete freedom to do things that are illegal, immoral, and socially prohibited - without consequences.
Few who understand the gaming ecosystem can deny the technological achievement Rockstar Games and Take-Two have created with their living, breathing world that is shaped by player decisions, in addition to offering escapist freedom through immersive simulation. Yet this freedom also invites a spotlight on the opportunity to engage in mankind’s worst qualities.
Psychologists describe this as a form of catharsis. The game functions as what researchers have called a "virtual id" (or identity), a space where players can enact aggressive, criminal, and transgressive behaviors that they would not pursue in reality. In a culture where societal stress, economic frustration, and mounting rates of mental distress, specifically among young people, one could posit that the escapist fantasy of GTA provides a consequence-free pressure valve for these frustrations.
This is not a new cultural impulse. Crime narratives, from Scarface to The Godfather to The Wire, have always attracted mass audiences. What GTA uniquely provides is interactivity: the player is not watching a criminal protagonist, but is instead embodying one. The sense of power, agency, and lawlessness that the game generates is, for many players, deeply pleasurable precisely because it is inaccessible in ordinary life, while also placing these impulses under the banner of “entertainment”.
It is important to note that many of the story elements, themes, and dialogue throughout the GTA franchise have been created through a satirical lens with a focus on culture’s obsession with celebrity, the nature of corruption, the decline of foundational moral virtues, and the artificial presentation of life found in the social media landscape.
But satire does not fully explain the cultural phenomenon - or its costs. For satire to work, it must be based in some form of reality. In the case of GTA, this stems from the elevation, and even glamorization, of immorality found within society. The franchise's narrative arc (i.e the rise from street-level criminality to power, wealth, and dominance through violence, sex, and intimidation) is a lens into the cultural road our society has been inching down.
When culture celebrates something, even within a "fictional" frame, it shapes what people find aspirational, acceptable, and normal. The question for communities of faith is not whether players immediately run out to commit crimes. It is what kind of moral imagination is being formed, over years of immersion, in young people who spend thousands of hours inside these worlds?
Inspire Investing exists to serve investors who believe that how capital is deployed is both a moral endeavor and a biblical imperative; believing that money is not neutral and that investing in companies whose products cause harm is inconsistent with the world Christ commissioned us to steward and help create, regardless of the financial return those companies generate.
Applying Inspire's Impact Score framework to Take-Two Interactive and the GTA franchise is a prime example of investors standing firm for the glory of God. Take-Two, currently with a -62 (out of a -100 as the worst possible score) on Inspire Insight (Inspire’s biblical values screening platform), has had a long history of celebrating immoral content, specifically in the areas of sexual hedonism, graphic depictions of nudity and sexuality, and digital violence and exploitation of women within its games.
GTA has consistently featured strip clubs, prostitution, and the sexualization of female characters. In 2014, Australian retailers Target and Kmart pulled GTA V from their shelves following a 46,000-signature petition condemning its graphic depictions of sexual violence against women.
Additionally, the 2004 iteration of GTA, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, shipped with a hidden code within the game called “Hot Coffee” that consisted of a graphic mini-game which allowed players to control sexual intercourse. While defenders will say that this content was not “included” in the final game that was intended for the public and that it took intentional hacking of the code to find it, the overall problem remains that the developers deliberately created the mini-game and placed it within the final game, hidden or not.
GTA 6 is expected to continue this tradition, with early public trailers showing glimpses of strip club locations with real-world strippers providing motion capture for the digital models, in addition to implied romantic relationships that are assumed to follow the franchise’s trend of occasionally being graphic in nature.
While Inspire Insight assigns Take-Two a single sexually explicit violation according to Insight’s negative screening categories, the game’s already massive success paints a broader picture of what kind of values have become acceptable within the entertainment landscape and the enormous global audience potentially exposed to them.
Note: Grand Theft Auto VI is officially rated M for Mature (17+) by the ESRB.
Content Descriptors:
Grand Theft Auto 6 has the potential to rank among the most commercially successful entertainment releases of 2026, and potentially the next decade. The pre-order data, the analyst projections, the Take-Two earnings guidance, and thirteen years of precedent from GTA 5 all contribute to expectations that GTA 6 could rank among the largest entertainment launches in recent history.
Current expectations surrounding GTA 6 suggest substantial commercial potential for the franchise, but commercial success for a product does not necessarily translate into positive investment returns for TTWO shareholders. Yet, the financial success of a vehicle which promotes immoral values is a shining example of the commitment to faith and stewardship that faith-filled investors must carry. Those who choose to take a stand with their investments are not just rejecting opportunity because of a personal opinion, but because they have a deeper mandate to posture themselves as faithful stewards in service to the heavenly master; a master who cares more about the quality of the heart and the righteousness of character than any return of financial wealth.
A company whose flagship product generates billions of dollars by normalizing and celebrating a culture antithetical to the kingdom of God we are called to be ambassadors of is one that biblically responsible investors must be both aware of and ready to take a stand on, regardless of how impressive the spreadsheet looks.
The numbers on Grand Theft Auto 6 are extraordinary. The values embedded in it are not. And in the end it will be the fearless steadfastness of these values that will reward us with the spiritual blessing of “good and faithful servant”.
“I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect.” Romans 12:1-2
Update (as of 8/24/2026): Take-Two’s apparent financial success from preorders of GTA 6 has stumbled a bit over the last week or so due to game leaks online from an anonymous hacker using the handle “LEEK”. This hacker, uploading videos apparently taken from a finished version of the game, appears to be protesting Take-Two’s decision to release GTA 6 as a “digital-only” product, instead of launching with both the traditional digital and physical disc options. This is a topic that has recently brought a plethora of heated debate, as more developers are abandoning physical disc releases, a move that has many in the gaming community concerned about ownership rights and long-term access to video games (among other media). Due to this leak, Take-Two has shed roughly $2.83 billion in market value ahead of its August 27 Netflix-based extended look. While the numbers have stabilized, the overarching issue of the leak has not concluded, as the hacker is still at large and continuing to upload more videos with greater threats, leaving the gap separating today and the release date in November an uncertainty for the developer and investors alike.
Bringing ten years of experience as a professor at a Christian college, Chris is deeply rooted in faith-based values. He excels as a faith-based writer, adept at crafting financial curriculum with spiritual depth. In his role, Chris is responsible for sourcing and evaluating reliable sources to accurately screen companies and assign them an Inspire Impact Score. Furthermore, he meticulously curates screening categories to maintain clarity and alignment with Inspire's faith-based mission.
This article was originally published on LinkedIn on August 24, 2026.
The entertainment industry has become accustomed to extreme financial success with certain endeavors over the past decade. At a time when Christopher Nolan’s The Odyssey and Marvel’s newest Spider-Man movie have both made over a billion dollars within weeks of their premieres, many entertainment companies have now set their revenue targets on the B in “illion” rather than the M. However, when a single video game generates more pre-order revenue in its first hour than many companies make in 10 years, investors take notice. When that game is the sixth installment in a franchise built on glorifying car theft, gang violence, drug trafficking, and sexual exploitation, faith-based investors need to look harder.
Grand Theft Auto 6 (GTA 6) is among the most anticipated entertainment releases in recent history. It is also, by Inspire Investing's standards, a case study on the tension between monumental cultural clamor and steadfast biblically responsible investing.
To understand GTA 6, you have to start with its predecessor, a game that redefined (and has continued to redefine) what entertainment revenue looks like.
Grand Theft Auto 5 (GTA 5) launched in September 2013. Within 24 hours of release, it generated more than $815 million in worldwide revenue. Within three days, it had crossed $1 billion, making it the fastest-selling entertainment product in history at the time, outpacing every film, album, and book that came before it. It was a record that stunned Wall Street and Hollywood alike.
Twelve years later, GTA 5 has never stopped selling.
As of May 2026, the game has sold 230 million copies worldwide, making it the second-best-selling video game in history, behind only Minecraft (a considerable feat considering its hyper-violent and sexualized M for Mature ESRB rating, as opposed to Minecraft’s family-friendly E for Everyone rating). Currently, third-party sources estimate its lifetime revenue has surpassed $10 billion. GTA Online, the game's multiplayer component, sustained entirely by microtransaction purchases of in-game virtual currency called "Shark Cards," has independently generated more than $5 billion in revenue.
In fiscal Q2 2025, the game sold 5 million additional copies, roughly a decade after launch, outperforming many new releases that quarter.
Perhaps most remarkably, GTA 5 still earns over $1 million per day in 2026, more than thirteen years after its original release.
For investors, the lesson was unmistakable: a sufficiently compelling open-world game, with a persistent online ecosystem built on microtransactions, is not a product with a lifecycle, but rather a perpetual revenue machine.
For many sectors that had disregarded video games as a financially viable investment, the numbers that GTA 5 continuously pulls have drawn attention toward Take-Two Interactive (TTWO), the parent company of GTA developer Rockstar Games.
Take-Two Interactive officially opened pre-orders for Grand Theft Auto 6 on June 25, 2026, with the game scheduled for release on November 19, 2026 (after two sizable delays, much to the frustration of fans and investors alike). The market's reaction was immediate and historic.
According to analyst estimates from University of Virginia finance professor Anthony Palomba, derived from Take-Two Interactive's stock market activity, GTA 6 generated an estimated $1 billion in pre-order revenue within the first hour of sales opening. Within 24 hours, reports indicated that pre-orders had surpassed 39 million copies, generating more than $3 billion in estimated pre-order revenue.
To put that in context: GTA 6 recorded six times more pre-orders on launch day than the entire pre-order period for Call of Duty, the previously dominant franchise in gaming presales.
It is worth noting that Take-Two Interactive and Rockstar Games have not released official pre-order figures; the numbers circulating are analyst estimates and retail reports rather than verified company disclosures. Reports show that Take-Two's stock climbed sharply on the announcement, while Bank of America has also raised its target price for TTWO, citing GTA 6's potential.
The game is priced at $79.99 for the Standard Edition and $99.99 for the Ultimate Edition, the highest base price in the franchise's history (and a semi-sharp increase in median price points for video games), reflecting both inflation and Rockstar's confidence in the demand it commands.
For equity investors, the GTA franchise lives inside a single publicly traded company: Take-Two Interactive (NASDAQ: TTWO).
Take-Two reported fiscal year 2026 net bookings of $6.72 billion, a 19% increase from the prior year, driven substantially by the anticipation of GTA 6's imminent release and continued strength in GTA Online and its 2K Sports portfolio. The company projects fiscal year 2027 net bookings of approximately $8.0–8.2 billion, a figure that assumes GTA 6 launches as scheduled and performs in line with analyst expectations.
The GTA franchise has historically contributed approximately 30% of Take-Two's total revenue over the past decade. Bank of America has made a more specific investment argument, stating that GTA 6 may reset Take-Two's long-term earnings power, converting a blockbuster launch into a recurring-revenue ecosystem with a shelf life measured in years, not quarters.
If GTA 5's online economy generated $5 billion over twelve years, the question investors are pricing in is: what does GTA 6's online economy generate with a larger player base, higher purchasing power, improved monetization infrastructure, and a current-generation console platform that is more broadly adopted?
The financial bull case for TTWO draws in part on thirteen years of demonstrated consumer behavior surrounding GTA 5, although GTA 5's historical success does not assure similar results for GTA 6 or TTWO investors.
GTA 6 does not exist in a vacuum. It is the crown jewel of the largest entertainment industry in the world.
The global video game market was valued at $322.6 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach $351.6 billion in 2026, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.1% through 2033. Total gaming mergers and acquisitions reached $27.3 billion in 2024 alone. There are an estimated 3.6 billion gamers worldwide, nearly half the human population on Earth.
For institutional and retail investors alike, the video game sector has become impossible to ignore. The largest gaming franchises generate revenue on par with major film studios, with the added advantage of perpetual online monetization that no blockbuster film can replicate. Mobile gaming dominates by volume, but premium console and PC titles like GTA drive the cultural moments that shape the industry's identity and its stock prices.
The rise of gaming as an asset class has drawn attention from ETF managers, venture capital, and long-only institutional investors. But for faith-based investors operating within a biblical framework, the question is not only whether gaming is financially attractive, but whether the content being produced and monetized aligns with the values they are called to uphold.
Understanding GTA's extraordinary commercial performance requires honest engagement with the cultural forces that drive it - not to excuse them, but to understand them clearly.
Grand Theft Auto sells, in part, because it offers something that no other mainstream entertainment product does so consistently or so skillfully: complete freedom to do things that are illegal, immoral, and socially prohibited - without consequences.
Few who understand the gaming ecosystem can deny the technological achievement Rockstar Games and Take-Two have created with their living, breathing world that is shaped by player decisions, in addition to offering escapist freedom through immersive simulation. Yet this freedom also invites a spotlight on the opportunity to engage in mankind’s worst qualities.
Psychologists describe this as a form of catharsis. The game functions as what researchers have called a "virtual id" (or identity), a space where players can enact aggressive, criminal, and transgressive behaviors that they would not pursue in reality. In a culture where societal stress, economic frustration, and mounting rates of mental distress, specifically among young people, one could posit that the escapist fantasy of GTA provides a consequence-free pressure valve for these frustrations.
This is not a new cultural impulse. Crime narratives, from Scarface to The Godfather to The Wire, have always attracted mass audiences. What GTA uniquely provides is interactivity: the player is not watching a criminal protagonist, but is instead embodying one. The sense of power, agency, and lawlessness that the game generates is, for many players, deeply pleasurable precisely because it is inaccessible in ordinary life, while also placing these impulses under the banner of “entertainment”.
It is important to note that many of the story elements, themes, and dialogue throughout the GTA franchise have been created through a satirical lens with a focus on culture’s obsession with celebrity, the nature of corruption, the decline of foundational moral virtues, and the artificial presentation of life found in the social media landscape.
But satire does not fully explain the cultural phenomenon - or its costs. For satire to work, it must be based in some form of reality. In the case of GTA, this stems from the elevation, and even glamorization, of immorality found within society. The franchise's narrative arc (i.e the rise from street-level criminality to power, wealth, and dominance through violence, sex, and intimidation) is a lens into the cultural road our society has been inching down.
When culture celebrates something, even within a "fictional" frame, it shapes what people find aspirational, acceptable, and normal. The question for communities of faith is not whether players immediately run out to commit crimes. It is what kind of moral imagination is being formed, over years of immersion, in young people who spend thousands of hours inside these worlds?
Inspire Investing exists to serve investors who believe that how capital is deployed is both a moral endeavor and a biblical imperative; believing that money is not neutral and that investing in companies whose products cause harm is inconsistent with the world Christ commissioned us to steward and help create, regardless of the financial return those companies generate.
Applying Inspire's Impact Score framework to Take-Two Interactive and the GTA franchise is a prime example of investors standing firm for the glory of God. Take-Two, currently with a -62 (out of a -100 as the worst possible score) on Inspire Insight (Inspire’s biblical values screening platform), has had a long history of celebrating immoral content, specifically in the areas of sexual hedonism, graphic depictions of nudity and sexuality, and digital violence and exploitation of women within its games.
GTA has consistently featured strip clubs, prostitution, and the sexualization of female characters. In 2014, Australian retailers Target and Kmart pulled GTA V from their shelves following a 46,000-signature petition condemning its graphic depictions of sexual violence against women.
Additionally, the 2004 iteration of GTA, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, shipped with a hidden code within the game called “Hot Coffee” that consisted of a graphic mini-game which allowed players to control sexual intercourse. While defenders will say that this content was not “included” in the final game that was intended for the public and that it took intentional hacking of the code to find it, the overall problem remains that the developers deliberately created the mini-game and placed it within the final game, hidden or not.
GTA 6 is expected to continue this tradition, with early public trailers showing glimpses of strip club locations with real-world strippers providing motion capture for the digital models, in addition to implied romantic relationships that are assumed to follow the franchise’s trend of occasionally being graphic in nature.
While Inspire Insight assigns Take-Two a single sexually explicit violation according to Insight’s negative screening categories, the game’s already massive success paints a broader picture of what kind of values have become acceptable within the entertainment landscape and the enormous global audience potentially exposed to them.
Note: Grand Theft Auto VI is officially rated M for Mature (17+) by the ESRB.
Content Descriptors:
Grand Theft Auto 6 has the potential to rank among the most commercially successful entertainment releases of 2026, and potentially the next decade. The pre-order data, the analyst projections, the Take-Two earnings guidance, and thirteen years of precedent from GTA 5 all contribute to expectations that GTA 6 could rank among the largest entertainment launches in recent history.
Current expectations surrounding GTA 6 suggest substantial commercial potential for the franchise, but commercial success for a product does not necessarily translate into positive investment returns for TTWO shareholders. Yet, the financial success of a vehicle which promotes immoral values is a shining example of the commitment to faith and stewardship that faith-filled investors must carry. Those who choose to take a stand with their investments are not just rejecting opportunity because of a personal opinion, but because they have a deeper mandate to posture themselves as faithful stewards in service to the heavenly master; a master who cares more about the quality of the heart and the righteousness of character than any return of financial wealth.
A company whose flagship product generates billions of dollars by normalizing and celebrating a culture antithetical to the kingdom of God we are called to be ambassadors of is one that biblically responsible investors must be both aware of and ready to take a stand on, regardless of how impressive the spreadsheet looks.
The numbers on Grand Theft Auto 6 are extraordinary. The values embedded in it are not. And in the end it will be the fearless steadfastness of these values that will reward us with the spiritual blessing of “good and faithful servant”.
“I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect.” Romans 12:1-2
Update (as of 8/24/2026): Take-Two’s apparent financial success from preorders of GTA 6 has stumbled a bit over the last week or so due to game leaks online from an anonymous hacker using the handle “LEEK”. This hacker, uploading videos apparently taken from a finished version of the game, appears to be protesting Take-Two’s decision to release GTA 6 as a “digital-only” product, instead of launching with both the traditional digital and physical disc options. This is a topic that has recently brought a plethora of heated debate, as more developers are abandoning physical disc releases, a move that has many in the gaming community concerned about ownership rights and long-term access to video games (among other media). Due to this leak, Take-Two has shed roughly $2.83 billion in market value ahead of its August 27 Netflix-based extended look. While the numbers have stabilized, the overarching issue of the leak has not concluded, as the hacker is still at large and continuing to upload more videos with greater threats, leaving the gap separating today and the release date in November an uncertainty for the developer and investors alike.
